Karl Pearson, the great biologist and statistician, has given a formula for the calculation of coefficient of correlation. According to it the coefficient of correlation of two variables is obtained by dividing the sum of the products of the corresponding deviations of the various items of the two series from their respective means by the product of their standard deviations and the number of pairs of observations.
Thus, if x1, x2, x3 ...... xn are the deviations of various items of the first variable from mean value and y1, y2, y3 …… yn are the corresponding deviations of the second variable from its mean value, the sum of the products of these corresponding deviations would be ∑xy. If further, the standard deviations of the two variables are respectively and if n is the number of pairs of observations, Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation represented by r would be
It is clear from the above formula that if ∑xy is positive, the coefficient of correlation would also be a positive figure indicating positive correlation between the two series. If, on the other hand, ∑xy is negative, coefficient of correlation would also be negative, indicating that the correlation between the two series is negative, ∑xy would be positive, if generally, positive and negative deviations in one series are associated with positive and negative deviations in the other series also. The value of ∑xy would be negative, if generally, the positive deviations of one variable are associated with the negative deviations in the other variable and vice versa. If positive and negative deviations of one variable are indifferently associated with the deviations of the other variable the value of ∑xy would be 0 or near it, indicating absence of correlation between the two series. The value of this coefficient of correlation is always between + 1 and —1. It cannot exceed unity.
The above formula of Karl Pearson is based on the study of co-variance between two series. The co-variance between two series is written as follows: Co-variance = (∑xy)/n
Where x and y stand for the deviations of the two series from their respective means.
To study correlation, the co-variance of the two series is divided by (he product of their standard deviations. Thus, covariance of the two series
r = (covariance of the two series)/√((variance of series 1)(variance of series 2))
= Coveriance/(σ1× σ2 ) = (∑xy)/(nσ1 σ2 )
This formula is known as the Product Moment Formula of Coefficient of Correlation.
Friday, 30 December 2011
Thursday, 17 November 2011
For a better understanding of the common kinship of Muslim and Hindu Kashmiris a brief introduction to the history of the region is important. According to Mahabharata, the Kambojas ruled over Kashmir during epic times and it was a Republican government under the Kamboj. The capital city of Kashmir during these times was Rajapura, also known as Karna-Rajapuram-gatva-Kambojah-nirjitastava. Rajapura has been identified with modern Rajauri.
The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is credited with having founded the city of Srinagar. Kashmir was once a Buddhist seat of learning, with the Sarvāstivādan school dominating. East and Central Asian Buddhist monks are recorded as having visited the kingdom. In the late 4th century AD, the famous Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to an Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in Kashmir under Bandhudatta. He become a prolific translator who helped take Buddhism to China. His mother, Jīva, retired to Kashmir. Vimalākṣa, a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist monk, travelled from Kashmir to Kucha and there instructed Kumārajīva in the Vinayapiṭaka.
The Mauryan emperor Ashoka is credited with having founded the city of Srinagar. Kashmir was once a Buddhist seat of learning, with the Sarvāstivādan school dominating. East and Central Asian Buddhist monks are recorded as having visited the kingdom. In the late 4th century AD, the famous Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to an Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in Kashmir under Bandhudatta. He become a prolific translator who helped take Buddhism to China. His mother, Jīva, retired to Kashmir. Vimalākṣa, a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist monk, travelled from Kashmir to Kucha and there instructed Kumārajīva in the Vinayapiṭaka.
A TOUR OF SIKKIM
Jhankri waterfalls- A New Tourist Destination
Sikkim is continuously making headway in the tourism sector. Many new tourists’ spots are being developed by the State Government in all parts of the state taking full advantage of its natural beauties and giving stress on eco-tourism by harnessing the natural resourses. The most visited tourist destinations in the recent past were Tsomo or Tchangu lake, Nathula, Yumthang in the North District while Khechupalry lake, Pemayanchi monastery attracted the tourists in the West District. Now, Namchi and Ravangla in the South Sikkim and Daramdin, Sarvadharma Mandir are the most visited places and the centers of attraction. There is a 135 tall statue of Guru Padmasambhava, the religious guru who preached Buddhism in Tibet from India via Sikkim at Samdrupse, Namchi and the Government is developing the new holy place called Chardham at Solokphu, near Namchi by installing the large statue of Lord shiva. Equally interesting place is being developed at Ravangla where the tallest statue of Lord Buddha is being installed.
While all these developmental works in the field of tourism are being carried out by the State Government in full swing, the new tourist spots too are being inaugurated on the other hand. On January 5, 2008, a new tourist spot was inaugurated by Chief Minister Pawan Chamling at Lower Sichey, 4 kilo meters away from Gangtok. The name of new tourist spot is Jhankri water falls Enegy Park which is spread over an area of 2 acres. The park is designed, constructed and maintained by the Rural Management and Development Department, Government of Sikkim and it was completed at an estimated cost of Rs 2.8 crores.
The significance of the park is associated with local tradition and custom. The local term jhankri means the spiritual healer, shaman who performs prayer for the patients since ancient times. There is approximately 100 feet high waterfalls there. The area is surrounded by natural and man made lakes, stream and the hill top. The beautiful landscapes, footbridges in Sikkimese style, splash pool adorned by a dragon at the centre, sculptures and figurines of the Jhankri culture etc. at once fascinate the visiting tourists there. In the very entrance of the centre, there is the facility for parking vehicles. There is status of Lepcha Bungthing, traditional spiritual healer and Jhankri, the Nepali spiritual healer. The set of statue of jhankris, the traditional spiritual healers attracts the visitors mostly where a main jhankri is performing puja for a patient. A patient is lying on the bed. The two assistants called dholeys of spiritual healer are playing the Dyangro, a traditional drum. The practice of shamanism and performing puja in this way is still prevalent in the society. There is a small park where children can make joyride in a toy cars. A beautiful lake is also constructed with the statue of a dragon in the middle. The children and visitors can do swimming and do merrymaking.
There is equally interesting myth about Bungthing of Lepcha. They also perform puja for the patient and well being of the community. On the bank of stream and hill top, there are some statues of Bungthing. All the rest house , bridge and hill top are decorated in traditional architectural design of Sikkim. In the upward side, there is a set of statue which makes everybody delighted particularly to children. This is the statue of Ban Jhakri, the spiritual healer who is believed to have been lived in the dense forest away from human habitats with his wife called ban jhankrini.
There is so many myths about the Ban Jhankri and Ban jhankrini (Lemlemma, which means the mother of long tongue in Rai language) in the society. They are considered the religious Gurus who live in the forest doing penance and practice of spiritualism. According to popular myth still prevalent among the people, Ban Jhankrini is like lady giant who likes to eat the human flesh but Ban jhankri does not allow any human being to be sacrificed in vain. The feet of Banjhankrini are in reversial position unlike Banjhankri and common human being. The Banjhakri, it is believed makes choice of his own to make any person his follower who can follow his spiritual and devine practice. There is still belief in the society particularly among the Rai community that whoever is likened by Banjhankri, he will be taken by his magic and such a person can be disappeared from the village and will be re-appeared after some days, months and years being fully trained. During the training, he will be served only clean earthworm taken from the inside bark of the banana tree. According to popular myth, Banjhankrini is confined to a place fully tightened in a chain of iron so that she cannot come out and eat human being. If the human being fails to take training and preaching from Banjhankri it is believed that he gives and sacrifices human being to banjhankrini and in turn, the Banjhankirini can eat human flesh to satisfy her hunger. It is traditional belief and myth only but not scientifically proved fact.Study reveals that such kind of myths are prevalent in tribal regions of North East States of India too who worship nature. This kind of belief is prevalent among khasi people of NE region too who believe about the existence of such spiritual healers and ghosts.The various folk tales among the tribals of the region speak the truth of their believes and myths.Considering the myth prevalent in the society, the set of statue depicts the story in ones memory. Then there is breathtaking view and ecstatic feeling one can see and enjoy from the natural water falls coming from the hill downward with rhythm and sound like song. Many tourists take pleasure of the cool breeze here during sunshine and hot climate. One can take panoramic view of the area climbing on the top of the view point constructed on the other side of the stream. There are many tea stalls, restaurants and a hall to rest in there while there are plenty of open places for pleasure making trip and dry picnic too. With the opening of this spot, tens and thousands tourist thronged in the place during high season of the year. Even the local people, children enjoyed fully during the season. The Gangtokians found a place to go around too during halidays and at their leisure times with their members of family, particularly childrens.
Indeed, Jhankri waterfalls became the most visited place this year only after Tsomo lake as Chief Minister Dr. Pawan Chamling rightly said after the inauguration of the spot. This is really an ideal place to the visiting tourists to visit which is very near to the capital.The tourist spot is being operated and maintained by Rural Management and Development Department through local NGOs. In the forthcoming tourists season too, a large numbers of visters are expected to visit there. The management of the jhankri waterfalls committee smilingly offer a cup of tea free of cost as a gesture of Sikkimese hospitality to anyone who makes a trip there as the old saying goes like this, "come as a tourist and go as a friend" with sweet memory.
- Snowline Bureau
Photo: The beaufitful Tsomo or Changu natural lake
Sikkim, a tiny Himalayan State has a total area of 7,096 square Kms. Surrounded by three international boundaries, the kaleidoscopic panoramic view of majestic Mt. Kanchendzonga, Sikkim is rich in abundant natural beauties bestowed with the beautiful Himalayan glaciers, the snow clad mountains, the lakes, the waterfall, the rich flora and fauna and rich cultural heritage and tradition.
The ruling SDF Government under the leadership of Dr. Pawan Chamling has taken various steps to build up the tourism infrastructure in the state to cope with the recent inflow of domestic and foreign tourists. Dr. Chamling’s Government has given top priority in the sector and has come up with a master plan to build tourism infrastructure in the State and at the same time looking for avenues of employment to many educated unemployed youths. With this objective, the State Government has chalked out the plan to construct model village in all 30 constituencies by constructing the traditional houses of Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali so that village tourism as a sustainable development can grow side by side thereby making the people economically self-dependent in this State. One of the most advantageous position for the growth of tourism in Sikkim is that it is one of the most peaceful hill State in India. Now, South Sikkim is already on tourist map with the installation of a large statue of 135 ft. tall in height of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse.The large statue of Lord Shiva is being constructed while Ravangla is soon being attracted as a new tourist destination by installing a large statue of Lord Budha. The construction and beautification of these new tourists spots are taking place rapidly.
The recently operated ropeway from Deorali Bazar to Tashiling secretariat also attracted large number of domestic tourists while the large statue of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse has become another attraction of tourist spot in the South District of the state. Apart from time, many spots of tourists importance have been identified and being development throughout the State.
Similarly, Jorethang in south district is also considered a place of tourist attraction, and many people call it as ‘the gateway of South and West Sikkim’. Jorethang is in the border area of Darjeeling and the great festival, Maghey Mela is being observed here at the beautiful valley of river Rongit.Now, it has become an annual feature. Similarly, the great flower show festival of orchids and other seasonal flowers are observed at Namchi and Gangtok annually. By organizing such festivals, there are two fold purposes , viz. to attract the tourist and develop the floriculture in the State.
Another most vistied and the centre of tourist attraction is Tsomo or Changu Lake, 40 kms. away from Gangtok at an altitude of 3,780 mtrs., another place is Nathula, border between India and China which is 56 Kms away from Gangtok at an altitude of 14,200 feet.Tashi View Point, Himalayan Zoological Park, Ganesh Tok, Hanuman Tok, Aritar etc.are the some of the places to visit while more new spots of tourist interest are being explored and developed in East Sikkim.
In West Sikkim, tourists prefer to visit Pemayangtse Monastery, one of the oldest and historical monasteries in the State. The ruins of Rabdenste, the second capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim is situated near the monastery. The State Government has taken the measure to renovate this historic palace. Khecheopalri or Khechuperi lake is one of the holy lakes both for the Buddhist and the Hindu as a place for pilgrimage and the people come here from very far and distant places every year.Varsey is also one of the spots of tourist interest at an elevation of 10,000 ft.. One can see the rhododendron flowering all over the forest on this spot. In North Sikkim, Yungthang, Thangu and Gur-dongmar lake are very popular tourist spot. Yumthang, at an elevation of 11,800 ft. and 140 Kms from Gangtok is a paradise for nature lovers with a fascinating blend of flora and fauna and breathtaking scenic grandeur.
The Sikkimese people Bhutia, Lepcha and Nepali girls
Apart from that, there are many hot springs, himalayan graciers, waterfalls, monasteries, temples and many other beautiful places to visit in Sikkim. Adventurous tourism like white water rafting on the river Teesta, Trekking, Kayating, Yak riding or Safari, hand gliding etc. also are organized for the tourists.
Para gliding has become the recent craze of the tourists in the state with the successful operation and trial by two energetic youths over the sky of Gangtok and Jorethang in the recent past. With the success of the para gliding, adventurous tourism also expected to get fillip in the days to come in Sikkim with the initiative taken by the State government.
Sikkim is not only peaceful, beautiful and with rich flora and fauna but because of culture and tradition as well. The three major ethnic people, Sikkimese Nepali, Bhutia and Lepcha have their own tradition and culture which is very interesting and characteristic.
The main festivals of Sikkim are Maghe Sankranti Mela, Guthor Chaam at Rumtek Monastery, Bhumchu at Tashiding, Lho Rum Faat at Tendong, Pang-Lhabsol, Durga Puja or Dassin, Tyohar, Detor Cham at Enchey Monastery, Kagyed Dance at old Rumtek monstery, Lingdum Monastery, Phodong Monstery, Losoong etc.
The main language or lingua franca of the State is Nepali or Gorkha Bhasa, However, Lepcha speaks in Lepcha language and Bhutia also speak in Bhoti language . English and Hindi are also spoken. The people of Sikkim are very simple, God fearing and nature loving. -Snowline bureau
.
Sikkim is continuously making headway in the tourism sector. Many new tourists’ spots are being developed by the State Government in all parts of the state taking full advantage of its natural beauties and giving stress on eco-tourism by harnessing the natural resourses. The most visited tourist destinations in the recent past were Tsomo or Tchangu lake, Nathula, Yumthang in the North District while Khechupalry lake, Pemayanchi monastery attracted the tourists in the West District. Now, Namchi and Ravangla in the South Sikkim and Daramdin, Sarvadharma Mandir are the most visited places and the centers of attraction. There is a 135 tall statue of Guru Padmasambhava, the religious guru who preached Buddhism in Tibet from India via Sikkim at Samdrupse, Namchi and the Government is developing the new holy place called Chardham at Solokphu, near Namchi by installing the large statue of Lord shiva. Equally interesting place is being developed at Ravangla where the tallest statue of Lord Buddha is being installed.
While all these developmental works in the field of tourism are being carried out by the State Government in full swing, the new tourist spots too are being inaugurated on the other hand. On January 5, 2008, a new tourist spot was inaugurated by Chief Minister Pawan Chamling at Lower Sichey, 4 kilo meters away from Gangtok. The name of new tourist spot is Jhankri water falls Enegy Park which is spread over an area of 2 acres. The park is designed, constructed and maintained by the Rural Management and Development Department, Government of Sikkim and it was completed at an estimated cost of Rs 2.8 crores.
The significance of the park is associated with local tradition and custom. The local term jhankri means the spiritual healer, shaman who performs prayer for the patients since ancient times. There is approximately 100 feet high waterfalls there. The area is surrounded by natural and man made lakes, stream and the hill top. The beautiful landscapes, footbridges in Sikkimese style, splash pool adorned by a dragon at the centre, sculptures and figurines of the Jhankri culture etc. at once fascinate the visiting tourists there. In the very entrance of the centre, there is the facility for parking vehicles. There is status of Lepcha Bungthing, traditional spiritual healer and Jhankri, the Nepali spiritual healer. The set of statue of jhankris, the traditional spiritual healers attracts the visitors mostly where a main jhankri is performing puja for a patient. A patient is lying on the bed. The two assistants called dholeys of spiritual healer are playing the Dyangro, a traditional drum. The practice of shamanism and performing puja in this way is still prevalent in the society. There is a small park where children can make joyride in a toy cars. A beautiful lake is also constructed with the statue of a dragon in the middle. The children and visitors can do swimming and do merrymaking.
There is equally interesting myth about Bungthing of Lepcha. They also perform puja for the patient and well being of the community. On the bank of stream and hill top, there are some statues of Bungthing. All the rest house , bridge and hill top are decorated in traditional architectural design of Sikkim. In the upward side, there is a set of statue which makes everybody delighted particularly to children. This is the statue of Ban Jhakri, the spiritual healer who is believed to have been lived in the dense forest away from human habitats with his wife called ban jhankrini.
There is so many myths about the Ban Jhankri and Ban jhankrini (Lemlemma, which means the mother of long tongue in Rai language) in the society. They are considered the religious Gurus who live in the forest doing penance and practice of spiritualism. According to popular myth still prevalent among the people, Ban Jhankrini is like lady giant who likes to eat the human flesh but Ban jhankri does not allow any human being to be sacrificed in vain. The feet of Banjhankrini are in reversial position unlike Banjhankri and common human being. The Banjhakri, it is believed makes choice of his own to make any person his follower who can follow his spiritual and devine practice. There is still belief in the society particularly among the Rai community that whoever is likened by Banjhankri, he will be taken by his magic and such a person can be disappeared from the village and will be re-appeared after some days, months and years being fully trained. During the training, he will be served only clean earthworm taken from the inside bark of the banana tree. According to popular myth, Banjhankrini is confined to a place fully tightened in a chain of iron so that she cannot come out and eat human being. If the human being fails to take training and preaching from Banjhankri it is believed that he gives and sacrifices human being to banjhankrini and in turn, the Banjhankirini can eat human flesh to satisfy her hunger. It is traditional belief and myth only but not scientifically proved fact.Study reveals that such kind of myths are prevalent in tribal regions of North East States of India too who worship nature. This kind of belief is prevalent among khasi people of NE region too who believe about the existence of such spiritual healers and ghosts.The various folk tales among the tribals of the region speak the truth of their believes and myths.Considering the myth prevalent in the society, the set of statue depicts the story in ones memory. Then there is breathtaking view and ecstatic feeling one can see and enjoy from the natural water falls coming from the hill downward with rhythm and sound like song. Many tourists take pleasure of the cool breeze here during sunshine and hot climate. One can take panoramic view of the area climbing on the top of the view point constructed on the other side of the stream. There are many tea stalls, restaurants and a hall to rest in there while there are plenty of open places for pleasure making trip and dry picnic too. With the opening of this spot, tens and thousands tourist thronged in the place during high season of the year. Even the local people, children enjoyed fully during the season. The Gangtokians found a place to go around too during halidays and at their leisure times with their members of family, particularly childrens.
Indeed, Jhankri waterfalls became the most visited place this year only after Tsomo lake as Chief Minister Dr. Pawan Chamling rightly said after the inauguration of the spot. This is really an ideal place to the visiting tourists to visit which is very near to the capital.The tourist spot is being operated and maintained by Rural Management and Development Department through local NGOs. In the forthcoming tourists season too, a large numbers of visters are expected to visit there. The management of the jhankri waterfalls committee smilingly offer a cup of tea free of cost as a gesture of Sikkimese hospitality to anyone who makes a trip there as the old saying goes like this, "come as a tourist and go as a friend" with sweet memory.
- Snowline Bureau
Photo: The beaufitful Tsomo or Changu natural lake
Sikkim, a tiny Himalayan State has a total area of 7,096 square Kms. Surrounded by three international boundaries, the kaleidoscopic panoramic view of majestic Mt. Kanchendzonga, Sikkim is rich in abundant natural beauties bestowed with the beautiful Himalayan glaciers, the snow clad mountains, the lakes, the waterfall, the rich flora and fauna and rich cultural heritage and tradition.
The ruling SDF Government under the leadership of Dr. Pawan Chamling has taken various steps to build up the tourism infrastructure in the state to cope with the recent inflow of domestic and foreign tourists. Dr. Chamling’s Government has given top priority in the sector and has come up with a master plan to build tourism infrastructure in the State and at the same time looking for avenues of employment to many educated unemployed youths. With this objective, the State Government has chalked out the plan to construct model village in all 30 constituencies by constructing the traditional houses of Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali so that village tourism as a sustainable development can grow side by side thereby making the people economically self-dependent in this State. One of the most advantageous position for the growth of tourism in Sikkim is that it is one of the most peaceful hill State in India. Now, South Sikkim is already on tourist map with the installation of a large statue of 135 ft. tall in height of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse.The large statue of Lord Shiva is being constructed while Ravangla is soon being attracted as a new tourist destination by installing a large statue of Lord Budha. The construction and beautification of these new tourists spots are taking place rapidly.
The recently operated ropeway from Deorali Bazar to Tashiling secretariat also attracted large number of domestic tourists while the large statue of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse has become another attraction of tourist spot in the South District of the state. Apart from time, many spots of tourists importance have been identified and being development throughout the State.
Similarly, Jorethang in south district is also considered a place of tourist attraction, and many people call it as ‘the gateway of South and West Sikkim’. Jorethang is in the border area of Darjeeling and the great festival, Maghey Mela is being observed here at the beautiful valley of river Rongit.Now, it has become an annual feature. Similarly, the great flower show festival of orchids and other seasonal flowers are observed at Namchi and Gangtok annually. By organizing such festivals, there are two fold purposes , viz. to attract the tourist and develop the floriculture in the State.
Another most vistied and the centre of tourist attraction is Tsomo or Changu Lake, 40 kms. away from Gangtok at an altitude of 3,780 mtrs., another place is Nathula, border between India and China which is 56 Kms away from Gangtok at an altitude of 14,200 feet.Tashi View Point, Himalayan Zoological Park, Ganesh Tok, Hanuman Tok, Aritar etc.are the some of the places to visit while more new spots of tourist interest are being explored and developed in East Sikkim.
In West Sikkim, tourists prefer to visit Pemayangtse Monastery, one of the oldest and historical monasteries in the State. The ruins of Rabdenste, the second capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim is situated near the monastery. The State Government has taken the measure to renovate this historic palace. Khecheopalri or Khechuperi lake is one of the holy lakes both for the Buddhist and the Hindu as a place for pilgrimage and the people come here from very far and distant places every year.Varsey is also one of the spots of tourist interest at an elevation of 10,000 ft.. One can see the rhododendron flowering all over the forest on this spot. In North Sikkim, Yungthang, Thangu and Gur-dongmar lake are very popular tourist spot. Yumthang, at an elevation of 11,800 ft. and 140 Kms from Gangtok is a paradise for nature lovers with a fascinating blend of flora and fauna and breathtaking scenic grandeur.
The Sikkimese people Bhutia, Lepcha and Nepali girls
Apart from that, there are many hot springs, himalayan graciers, waterfalls, monasteries, temples and many other beautiful places to visit in Sikkim. Adventurous tourism like white water rafting on the river Teesta, Trekking, Kayating, Yak riding or Safari, hand gliding etc. also are organized for the tourists.
Para gliding has become the recent craze of the tourists in the state with the successful operation and trial by two energetic youths over the sky of Gangtok and Jorethang in the recent past. With the success of the para gliding, adventurous tourism also expected to get fillip in the days to come in Sikkim with the initiative taken by the State government.
Sikkim is not only peaceful, beautiful and with rich flora and fauna but because of culture and tradition as well. The three major ethnic people, Sikkimese Nepali, Bhutia and Lepcha have their own tradition and culture which is very interesting and characteristic.
The main festivals of Sikkim are Maghe Sankranti Mela, Guthor Chaam at Rumtek Monastery, Bhumchu at Tashiding, Lho Rum Faat at Tendong, Pang-Lhabsol, Durga Puja or Dassin, Tyohar, Detor Cham at Enchey Monastery, Kagyed Dance at old Rumtek monstery, Lingdum Monastery, Phodong Monstery, Losoong etc.
The main language or lingua franca of the State is Nepali or Gorkha Bhasa, However, Lepcha speaks in Lepcha language and Bhutia also speak in Bhoti language . English and Hindi are also spoken. The people of Sikkim are very simple, God fearing and nature loving. -Snowline bureau
.
Sikkim news darjeeling news Gurkhas news Homehas n SIKKIM TOURISM
Jhankri waterfalls- A New Tourist Destination
Sikkim is continuously making headway in the tourism sector. Many new tourists’ spots are being developed by the State Government in all parts of the state taking full advantage of its natural beauties and giving stress on eco-tourism by harnessing the natural resourses. The most visited tourist destinations in the recent past were Tsomo or Tchangu lake, Nathula, Yumthang in the North District while Khechupalry lake, Pemayanchi monastery attracted the tourists in the West District. Now, Namchi and Ravangla in the South Sikkim and Daramdin, Sarvadharma Mandir are the most visited places and the centers of attraction. There is a 135 tall statue of Guru Padmasambhava, the religious guru who preached Buddhism in Tibet from India via Sikkim at Samdrupse, Namchi and the Government is developing the new holy place called Chardham at Solokphu, near Namchi by installing the large statue of Lord shiva. Equally interesting place is being developed at Ravangla where the tallest statue of Lord Buddha is being installed.
While all these developmental works in the field of tourism are being carried out by the State Government in full swing, the new tourist spots too are being inaugurated on the other hand. On January 5, 2008, a new tourist spot was inaugurated by Chief Minister Pawan Chamling at Lower Sichey, 4 kilo meters away from Gangtok. The name of new tourist spot is Jhankri water falls Enegy Park which is spread over an area of 2 acres. The park is designed, constructed and maintained by the Rural Management and Development Department, Government of Sikkim and it was completed at an estimated cost of Rs 2.8 crores.
The significance of the park is associated with local tradition and custom. The local term jhankri means the spiritual healer, shaman who performs prayer for the patients since ancient times. There is approximately 100 feet high waterfalls there. The area is surrounded by natural and man made lakes, stream and the hill top. The beautiful landscapes, footbridges in Sikkimese style, splash pool adorned by a dragon at the centre, sculptures and figurines of the Jhankri culture etc. at once fascinate the visiting tourists there. In the very entrance of the centre, there is the facility for parking vehicles. There is status of Lepcha Bungthing, traditional spiritual healer and Jhankri, the Nepali spiritual healer. The set of statue of jhankris, the traditional spiritual healers attracts the visitors mostly where a main jhankri is performing puja for a patient. A patient is lying on the bed. The two assistants called dholeys of spiritual healer are playing the Dyangro, a traditional drum. The practice of shamanism and performing puja in this way is still prevalent in the society. There is a small park where children can make joyride in a toy cars. A beautiful lake is also constructed with the statue of a dragon in the middle. The children and visitors can do swimming and do merrymaking.
There is equally interesting myth about Bungthing of Lepcha. They also perform puja for the patient and well being of the community. On the bank of stream and hill top, there are some statues of Bungthing. All the rest house , bridge and hill top are decorated in traditional architectural design of Sikkim. In the upward side, there is a set of statue which makes everybody delighted particularly to children. This is the statue of Ban Jhakri, the spiritual healer who is believed to have been lived in the dense forest away from human habitats with his wife called ban jhankrini.
There is so many myths about the Ban Jhankri and Ban jhankrini (Lemlemma, which means the mother of long tongue in Rai language) in the society. They are considered the religious Gurus who live in the forest doing penance and practice of spiritualism. According to popular myth still prevalent among the people, Ban Jhankrini is like lady giant who likes to eat the human flesh but Ban jhankri does not allow any human being to be sacrificed in vain. The feet of Banjhankrini are in reversial position unlike Banjhankri and common human being. The Banjhakri, it is believed makes choice of his own to make any person his follower who can follow his spiritual and devine practice. There is still belief in the society particularly among the Rai community that whoever is likened by Banjhankri, he will be taken by his magic and such a person can be disappeared from the village and will be re-appeared after some days, months and years being fully trained. During the training, he will be served only clean earthworm taken from the inside bark of the banana tree. According to popular myth, Banjhankrini is confined to a place fully tightened in a chain of iron so that she cannot come out and eat human being. If the human being fails to take training and preaching from Banjhankri it is believed that he gives and sacrifices human being to banjhankrini and in turn, the Banjhankirini can eat human flesh to satisfy her hunger. It is traditional belief and myth only but not scientifically proved fact.Study reveals that such kind of myths are prevalent in tribal regions of North East States of India too who worship nature. This kind of belief is prevalent among khasi people of NE region too who believe about the existence of such spiritual healers and ghosts.The various folk tales among the tribals of the region speak the truth of their believes and myths.Considering the myth prevalent in the society, the set of statue depicts the story in ones memory. Then there is breathtaking view and ecstatic feeling one can see and enjoy from the natural water falls coming from the hill downward with rhythm and sound like song. Many tourists take pleasure of the cool breeze here during sunshine and hot climate. One can take panoramic view of the area climbing on the top of the view point constructed on the other side of the stream. There are many tea stalls, restaurants and a hall to rest in there while there are plenty of open places for pleasure making trip and dry picnic too. With the opening of this spot, tens and thousands tourist thronged in the place during high season of the year. Even the local people, children enjoyed fully during the season. The Gangtokians found a place to go around too during halidays and at their leisure times with their members of family, particularly childrens.
Indeed, Jhankri waterfalls became the most visited place this year only after Tsomo lake as Chief Minister Dr. Pawan Chamling rightly said after the inauguration of the spot. This is really an ideal place to the visiting tourists to visit which is very near to the capital.The tourist spot is being operated and maintained by Rural Management and Development Department through local NGOs. In the forthcoming tourists season too, a large numbers of visters are expected to visit there. The management of the jhankri waterfalls committee smilingly offer a cup of tea free of cost as a gesture of Sikkimese hospitality to anyone who makes a trip there as the old saying goes like this, "come as a tourist and go as a friend" with sweet memory.
- Snowline Bureau
The Chardam at Solophok, Namchi
These are popular and luxurious hotels at Gangtok. There are other hotels like Bayul, Doma, Dikki, Chumbi residency, Mount Simvo, Green Hotel, Mayur Hotel etc. If any hotelier willing to advertise in this popular website, he or she can contact us at himgirinepali@rediffmail.com
snowlinemail@yahoo.com
If you are new visiters and if you have any query, suggestion or complaint, write to us at
bbantawa@gmail.com, snowlinemail@yahoo.com
phone mobile:9775972432, 9832322584
Address:Bijay Bantawa, Himgiri Prakashan,
Tadong Daragaun, P.O. TadongGangtok,
Sikkim , India
SNOW LEOPARD at Bulbuley forest
Photo: The beaufitful Tsomo or Changu natural lake
Sikkim, a tiny Himalayan State has a total area of 7,096 square Kms. Surrounded by three international boundaries, the kaleidoscopic panoramic view of majestic Mt. Kanchendzonga, Sikkim is rich in abundant natural beauties bestowed with the beautiful Himalayan glaciers, the snow clad mountains, the lakes, the waterfall, the rich flora and fauna and rich cultural heritage and tradition.
The ruling SDF Government under the leadership of Dr. Pawan Chamling has taken various steps to build up the tourism infrastructure in the state to cope with the recent inflow of domestic and foreign tourists. Dr. Chamling’s Government has given top priority in the sector and has come up with a master plan to build tourism infrastructure in the State and at the same time looking for avenues of employment to many educated unemployed youths. With this objective, the State Government has chalked out the plan to construct model village in all 30 constituencies by constructing the traditional houses of Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali so that village tourism as a sustainable development can grow side by side thereby making the people economically self-dependent in this State. One of the most advantageous position for the growth of tourism in Sikkim is that it is one of the most peaceful hill State in India. Now, South Sikkim is already on tourist map with the installation of a large statue of 135 ft. tall in height of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse.The large statue of Lord Shiva is being constructed while Ravangla is soon being attracted as a new tourist destination by installing a large statue of Lord Budha. The construction and beautification of these new tourists spots are taking place rapidly.
The recently operated ropeway from Deorali Bazar to Tashiling secretariat also attracted large number of domestic tourists while the large statue of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse has become another attraction of tourist spot in the South District of the state. Apart from time, many spots of tourists importance have been identified and being development throughout the State.
Similarly, Jorethang in south district is also considered a place of tourist attraction, and many people call it as ‘the gateway of South and West Sikkim’. Jorethang is in the border area of Darjeeling and the great festival, Maghey Mela is being observed here at the beautiful valley of river Rongit.Now, it has become an annual feature. Similarly, the great flower show festival of orchids and other seasonal flowers are observed at Namchi and Gangtok annually. By organizing such festivals, there are two fold purposes , viz. to attract the tourist and develop the floriculture in the State.
Another most vistied and the centre of tourist attraction is Tsomo or Changu Lake, 40 kms. away from Gangtok at an altitude of 3,780 mtrs., another place is Nathula, border between India and China which is 56 Kms away from Gangtok at an altitude of 14,200 feet.Tashi View Point, Himalayan Zoological Park, Ganesh Tok, Hanuman Tok, Aritar etc.are the some of the places to visit while more new spots of tourist interest are being explored and developed in East Sikkim.
In West Sikkim, tourists prefer to visit Pemayangtse Monastery, one of the oldest and historical monasteries in the State. The ruins of Rabdenste, the second capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim is situated near the monastery. The State Government has taken the measure to renovate this historic palace. Khecheopalri or Khechuperi lake is one of the holy lakes both for the Buddhist and the Hindu as a place for pilgrimage and the people come here from very far and distant places every year.Varsey is also one of the spots of tourist interest at an elevation of 10,000 ft.. One can see the rhododendron flowering all over the forest on this spot. In North Sikkim, Yungthang, Thangu and Gur-dongmar lake are very popular tourist spot. Yumthang, at an elevation of 11,800 ft. and 140 Kms from Gangtok is a paradise for nature lovers with a fascinating blend of flora and fauna and breathtaking scenic grandeur.
The Sikkimese people Bhutia, Lepcha and Nepali girls
Apart from that, there are many hot springs, himalayan graciers, waterfalls, monasteries, temples and many other beautiful places to visit in Sikkim. Adventurous tourism like white water rafting on the river Teesta, Trekking, Kayating, Yak riding or Safari, hand gliding etc. also are organized for the tourists.
Para gliding has become the recent craze of the tourists in the state with the successful operation and trial by two energetic youths over the sky of Gangtok and Jorethang in the recent past. With the success of the para gliding, adventurous tourism also expected to get fillip in the days to come in Sikkim with the initiative taken by the State government.
Sikkim is not only peaceful, beautiful and with rich flora and fauna but because of culture and tradition as well. The three major ethnic people, Sikkimese Nepali, Bhutia and Lepcha have their own tradition and culture which is very interesting and characteristic.
The main festivals of Sikkim are Maghe Sankranti Mela, Guthor Chaam at Rumtek Monastery, Bhumchu at Tashiding, Lho Rum Faat at Tendong, Pang-Lhabsol, Durga Puja or Dassin, Tyohar, Detor Cham at Enchey Monastery, Kagyed Dance at old Rumtek monstery, Lingdum Monastery, Phodong Monstery, Losoong etc.
The main language or lingua franca of the State is Nepali or Gorkha Bhasa, However, Lepcha speaks in Lepcha language and Bhutia also speak in Bhoti language . English and Hindi are also spoken. The people of Sikkim are very simple, God fearing and nature loving. -Snowline bureau
.
Jhankri waterfalls- A New Tourist Destination
Sikkim is continuously making headway in the tourism sector. Many new tourists’ spots are being developed by the State Government in all parts of the state taking full advantage of its natural beauties and giving stress on eco-tourism by harnessing the natural resourses. The most visited tourist destinations in the recent past were Tsomo or Tchangu lake, Nathula, Yumthang in the North District while Khechupalry lake, Pemayanchi monastery attracted the tourists in the West District. Now, Namchi and Ravangla in the South Sikkim and Daramdin, Sarvadharma Mandir are the most visited places and the centers of attraction. There is a 135 tall statue of Guru Padmasambhava, the religious guru who preached Buddhism in Tibet from India via Sikkim at Samdrupse, Namchi and the Government is developing the new holy place called Chardham at Solokphu, near Namchi by installing the large statue of Lord shiva. Equally interesting place is being developed at Ravangla where the tallest statue of Lord Buddha is being installed.
While all these developmental works in the field of tourism are being carried out by the State Government in full swing, the new tourist spots too are being inaugurated on the other hand. On January 5, 2008, a new tourist spot was inaugurated by Chief Minister Pawan Chamling at Lower Sichey, 4 kilo meters away from Gangtok. The name of new tourist spot is Jhankri water falls Enegy Park which is spread over an area of 2 acres. The park is designed, constructed and maintained by the Rural Management and Development Department, Government of Sikkim and it was completed at an estimated cost of Rs 2.8 crores.
The significance of the park is associated with local tradition and custom. The local term jhankri means the spiritual healer, shaman who performs prayer for the patients since ancient times. There is approximately 100 feet high waterfalls there. The area is surrounded by natural and man made lakes, stream and the hill top. The beautiful landscapes, footbridges in Sikkimese style, splash pool adorned by a dragon at the centre, sculptures and figurines of the Jhankri culture etc. at once fascinate the visiting tourists there. In the very entrance of the centre, there is the facility for parking vehicles. There is status of Lepcha Bungthing, traditional spiritual healer and Jhankri, the Nepali spiritual healer. The set of statue of jhankris, the traditional spiritual healers attracts the visitors mostly where a main jhankri is performing puja for a patient. A patient is lying on the bed. The two assistants called dholeys of spiritual healer are playing the Dyangro, a traditional drum. The practice of shamanism and performing puja in this way is still prevalent in the society. There is a small park where children can make joyride in a toy cars. A beautiful lake is also constructed with the statue of a dragon in the middle. The children and visitors can do swimming and do merrymaking.
There is equally interesting myth about Bungthing of Lepcha. They also perform puja for the patient and well being of the community. On the bank of stream and hill top, there are some statues of Bungthing. All the rest house , bridge and hill top are decorated in traditional architectural design of Sikkim. In the upward side, there is a set of statue which makes everybody delighted particularly to children. This is the statue of Ban Jhakri, the spiritual healer who is believed to have been lived in the dense forest away from human habitats with his wife called ban jhankrini.
There is so many myths about the Ban Jhankri and Ban jhankrini (Lemlemma, which means the mother of long tongue in Rai language) in the society. They are considered the religious Gurus who live in the forest doing penance and practice of spiritualism. According to popular myth still prevalent among the people, Ban Jhankrini is like lady giant who likes to eat the human flesh but Ban jhankri does not allow any human being to be sacrificed in vain. The feet of Banjhankrini are in reversial position unlike Banjhankri and common human being. The Banjhakri, it is believed makes choice of his own to make any person his follower who can follow his spiritual and devine practice. There is still belief in the society particularly among the Rai community that whoever is likened by Banjhankri, he will be taken by his magic and such a person can be disappeared from the village and will be re-appeared after some days, months and years being fully trained. During the training, he will be served only clean earthworm taken from the inside bark of the banana tree. According to popular myth, Banjhankrini is confined to a place fully tightened in a chain of iron so that she cannot come out and eat human being. If the human being fails to take training and preaching from Banjhankri it is believed that he gives and sacrifices human being to banjhankrini and in turn, the Banjhankirini can eat human flesh to satisfy her hunger. It is traditional belief and myth only but not scientifically proved fact.Study reveals that such kind of myths are prevalent in tribal regions of North East States of India too who worship nature. This kind of belief is prevalent among khasi people of NE region too who believe about the existence of such spiritual healers and ghosts.The various folk tales among the tribals of the region speak the truth of their believes and myths.Considering the myth prevalent in the society, the set of statue depicts the story in ones memory. Then there is breathtaking view and ecstatic feeling one can see and enjoy from the natural water falls coming from the hill downward with rhythm and sound like song. Many tourists take pleasure of the cool breeze here during sunshine and hot climate. One can take panoramic view of the area climbing on the top of the view point constructed on the other side of the stream. There are many tea stalls, restaurants and a hall to rest in there while there are plenty of open places for pleasure making trip and dry picnic too. With the opening of this spot, tens and thousands tourist thronged in the place during high season of the year. Even the local people, children enjoyed fully during the season. The Gangtokians found a place to go around too during halidays and at their leisure times with their members of family, particularly childrens.
Indeed, Jhankri waterfalls became the most visited place this year only after Tsomo lake as Chief Minister Dr. Pawan Chamling rightly said after the inauguration of the spot. This is really an ideal place to the visiting tourists to visit which is very near to the capital.The tourist spot is being operated and maintained by Rural Management and Development Department through local NGOs. In the forthcoming tourists season too, a large numbers of visters are expected to visit there. The management of the jhankri waterfalls committee smilingly offer a cup of tea free of cost as a gesture of Sikkimese hospitality to anyone who makes a trip there as the old saying goes like this, "come as a tourist and go as a friend" with sweet memory.
- Snowline Bureau
The Chardam at Solophok, Namchi
These are popular and luxurious hotels at Gangtok. There are other hotels like Bayul, Doma, Dikki, Chumbi residency, Mount Simvo, Green Hotel, Mayur Hotel etc. If any hotelier willing to advertise in this popular website, he or she can contact us at himgirinepali@rediffmail.com
snowlinemail@yahoo.com
If you are new visiters and if you have any query, suggestion or complaint, write to us at
bbantawa@gmail.com, snowlinemail@yahoo.com
phone mobile:9775972432, 9832322584
Address:Bijay Bantawa, Himgiri Prakashan,
Tadong Daragaun, P.O. TadongGangtok,
Sikkim , India
SNOW LEOPARD at Bulbuley forest
Photo: The beaufitful Tsomo or Changu natural lake
Sikkim, a tiny Himalayan State has a total area of 7,096 square Kms. Surrounded by three international boundaries, the kaleidoscopic panoramic view of majestic Mt. Kanchendzonga, Sikkim is rich in abundant natural beauties bestowed with the beautiful Himalayan glaciers, the snow clad mountains, the lakes, the waterfall, the rich flora and fauna and rich cultural heritage and tradition.
The ruling SDF Government under the leadership of Dr. Pawan Chamling has taken various steps to build up the tourism infrastructure in the state to cope with the recent inflow of domestic and foreign tourists. Dr. Chamling’s Government has given top priority in the sector and has come up with a master plan to build tourism infrastructure in the State and at the same time looking for avenues of employment to many educated unemployed youths. With this objective, the State Government has chalked out the plan to construct model village in all 30 constituencies by constructing the traditional houses of Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepali so that village tourism as a sustainable development can grow side by side thereby making the people economically self-dependent in this State. One of the most advantageous position for the growth of tourism in Sikkim is that it is one of the most peaceful hill State in India. Now, South Sikkim is already on tourist map with the installation of a large statue of 135 ft. tall in height of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse.The large statue of Lord Shiva is being constructed while Ravangla is soon being attracted as a new tourist destination by installing a large statue of Lord Budha. The construction and beautification of these new tourists spots are taking place rapidly.
The recently operated ropeway from Deorali Bazar to Tashiling secretariat also attracted large number of domestic tourists while the large statue of Guru Padmasambhav at Samdruptse has become another attraction of tourist spot in the South District of the state. Apart from time, many spots of tourists importance have been identified and being development throughout the State.
Similarly, Jorethang in south district is also considered a place of tourist attraction, and many people call it as ‘the gateway of South and West Sikkim’. Jorethang is in the border area of Darjeeling and the great festival, Maghey Mela is being observed here at the beautiful valley of river Rongit.Now, it has become an annual feature. Similarly, the great flower show festival of orchids and other seasonal flowers are observed at Namchi and Gangtok annually. By organizing such festivals, there are two fold purposes , viz. to attract the tourist and develop the floriculture in the State.
Another most vistied and the centre of tourist attraction is Tsomo or Changu Lake, 40 kms. away from Gangtok at an altitude of 3,780 mtrs., another place is Nathula, border between India and China which is 56 Kms away from Gangtok at an altitude of 14,200 feet.Tashi View Point, Himalayan Zoological Park, Ganesh Tok, Hanuman Tok, Aritar etc.are the some of the places to visit while more new spots of tourist interest are being explored and developed in East Sikkim.
In West Sikkim, tourists prefer to visit Pemayangtse Monastery, one of the oldest and historical monasteries in the State. The ruins of Rabdenste, the second capital of the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim is situated near the monastery. The State Government has taken the measure to renovate this historic palace. Khecheopalri or Khechuperi lake is one of the holy lakes both for the Buddhist and the Hindu as a place for pilgrimage and the people come here from very far and distant places every year.Varsey is also one of the spots of tourist interest at an elevation of 10,000 ft.. One can see the rhododendron flowering all over the forest on this spot. In North Sikkim, Yungthang, Thangu and Gur-dongmar lake are very popular tourist spot. Yumthang, at an elevation of 11,800 ft. and 140 Kms from Gangtok is a paradise for nature lovers with a fascinating blend of flora and fauna and breathtaking scenic grandeur.
The Sikkimese people Bhutia, Lepcha and Nepali girls
Apart from that, there are many hot springs, himalayan graciers, waterfalls, monasteries, temples and many other beautiful places to visit in Sikkim. Adventurous tourism like white water rafting on the river Teesta, Trekking, Kayating, Yak riding or Safari, hand gliding etc. also are organized for the tourists.
Para gliding has become the recent craze of the tourists in the state with the successful operation and trial by two energetic youths over the sky of Gangtok and Jorethang in the recent past. With the success of the para gliding, adventurous tourism also expected to get fillip in the days to come in Sikkim with the initiative taken by the State government.
Sikkim is not only peaceful, beautiful and with rich flora and fauna but because of culture and tradition as well. The three major ethnic people, Sikkimese Nepali, Bhutia and Lepcha have their own tradition and culture which is very interesting and characteristic.
The main festivals of Sikkim are Maghe Sankranti Mela, Guthor Chaam at Rumtek Monastery, Bhumchu at Tashiding, Lho Rum Faat at Tendong, Pang-Lhabsol, Durga Puja or Dassin, Tyohar, Detor Cham at Enchey Monastery, Kagyed Dance at old Rumtek monstery, Lingdum Monastery, Phodong Monstery, Losoong etc.
The main language or lingua franca of the State is Nepali or Gorkha Bhasa, However, Lepcha speaks in Lepcha language and Bhutia also speak in Bhoti language . English and Hindi are also spoken. The people of Sikkim are very simple, God fearing and nature loving. -Snowline bureau
.
INDIA-CHINA WAR1962
The Chinese have two major claims on what India deems its own territory. One claim, in the western sector, is on Aksai Chin in the northeastern section of Ladakh District in Jammu and Kashmir. The other claim is in the eastern sector over a region included in the British-designated North-East Frontier Agency, the disputed part of which India renamed Arunachal Pradesh and made a state. In the fight over these areas, the well-trained and well-armed troops of the Chinese People's Liberation Army overpowered the ill-equipped Indian troops, who had not been properly acclimatized to fighting at high altitudes.
Unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the 3,225-kilometer-long Himalayan border, the Chinese attacked India on October 20, 1962. At the time, nine divisions from the eastern and western commands were deployed along the Himalayan border with China. None of these divisions was up to its full troop strength, and all were short of artillery, tanks, equipment, and even adequate articles of clothing.
Indian decisions taken at that time were not grounded in adequate, up-to-date, knowledge of what was transpiring within China or the motivations of China's then key decision-makers. Stated briefly, New Delhi failed to decipher the "Chinese calculus of deterrence" and India suffered disproportionately.
In Ladakh the Chinese attacked south of the Karakoram Pass at the northwest end of the Aksai Chin Plateau and in the Pangong Lake area about 160 kilometers to the southeast. The defending Indian forces were easily ejected from their posts in the area of the Karakoram Pass and from most posts near Pangong Lake. However, they put up spirited resistance at the key posts of Daulat Beg Oldi (near the entrance to the pass) and Chushul (located immediately south of Pangong Lake and at the head of the vital supply road to Leh, a major town and location of an air force base in Ladakh). Other Chinese forces attacked near Demchok (about 160 kilometers southeast of Chusul) and rapidly overran the Demchok and the Jara La posts.
In the eastern sector, in Assam, the Chinese forces advanced easily despite Indian efforts at resistance. On the first day of the fighting, Indian forces stationed at the Tsang Le post on the northern side of the Namka Chu, the Khinzemane post, and near Dhola were overrun. On the western side of the North-East Frontier Agency, Tsang Dar fell on October 22, Bum La on October 23, and Tawang, the headquarters of the Seventh Infantry Brigade, on October 24. The Chinese made an offer to negotiate on October 24. The Indian government promptly rejected this offer.
In the western sector, a divisional organization was established in Leh; several battalions of infantry, a battery of twenty-five-pounder guns, and two troops of AMX light tanks were airlifted into the Chushul area from Punjab. On November 4, the Indian military decided that the post at Daulat Beg Oldi was untenable, and its defenders were withdrawn over the 5,300-meter-high Sasar Brangsa Pass to a more defensible position.
In another important section of the eastern sector, the Kameng Frontier Division, six Chinese brigades attacked across the Tawang Chu near Jang and advanced some sixteen kilometers to the southeast to attack Indian positions at Nurang, near Se La, on November 17. Despite the Indian attempt to regroup their forces at Se La, the Chinese continued their onslaught, wiping out virtually all Indian resistance in Kameng. By November 18, the Chinese had penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur, Assam, a major frontier town nearly fifty kilometers from the Assam-North-East Frontier Agency border.
The Chinese did not advance farther and on November 21 declared a unilateral cease-fire. They had accomplished all of their territorial objectives, and any attempt to press farther into the plains of Assam would have stretched their logistical capabilities and their lines of communication to a breaking point. By the time the fighting stopped, each side had lost 500 troops.
After administering a blistering defeat in 1962, the Chinese forces withdrew 20 km behind the McMahon Line, which China called "the 1959 line of actual control" in the Eastern Sector, and 20 km behind the line of its latest position in Ladakh, which was further identified with the "1959 line of actual control" in the Western Sector.
Unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the 3,225-kilometer-long Himalayan border, the Chinese attacked India on October 20, 1962. At the time, nine divisions from the eastern and western commands were deployed along the Himalayan border with China. None of these divisions was up to its full troop strength, and all were short of artillery, tanks, equipment, and even adequate articles of clothing.
Indian decisions taken at that time were not grounded in adequate, up-to-date, knowledge of what was transpiring within China or the motivations of China's then key decision-makers. Stated briefly, New Delhi failed to decipher the "Chinese calculus of deterrence" and India suffered disproportionately.
In Ladakh the Chinese attacked south of the Karakoram Pass at the northwest end of the Aksai Chin Plateau and in the Pangong Lake area about 160 kilometers to the southeast. The defending Indian forces were easily ejected from their posts in the area of the Karakoram Pass and from most posts near Pangong Lake. However, they put up spirited resistance at the key posts of Daulat Beg Oldi (near the entrance to the pass) and Chushul (located immediately south of Pangong Lake and at the head of the vital supply road to Leh, a major town and location of an air force base in Ladakh). Other Chinese forces attacked near Demchok (about 160 kilometers southeast of Chusul) and rapidly overran the Demchok and the Jara La posts.
In the eastern sector, in Assam, the Chinese forces advanced easily despite Indian efforts at resistance. On the first day of the fighting, Indian forces stationed at the Tsang Le post on the northern side of the Namka Chu, the Khinzemane post, and near Dhola were overrun. On the western side of the North-East Frontier Agency, Tsang Dar fell on October 22, Bum La on October 23, and Tawang, the headquarters of the Seventh Infantry Brigade, on October 24. The Chinese made an offer to negotiate on October 24. The Indian government promptly rejected this offer.
In the western sector, a divisional organization was established in Leh; several battalions of infantry, a battery of twenty-five-pounder guns, and two troops of AMX light tanks were airlifted into the Chushul area from Punjab. On November 4, the Indian military decided that the post at Daulat Beg Oldi was untenable, and its defenders were withdrawn over the 5,300-meter-high Sasar Brangsa Pass to a more defensible position.
In another important section of the eastern sector, the Kameng Frontier Division, six Chinese brigades attacked across the Tawang Chu near Jang and advanced some sixteen kilometers to the southeast to attack Indian positions at Nurang, near Se La, on November 17. Despite the Indian attempt to regroup their forces at Se La, the Chinese continued their onslaught, wiping out virtually all Indian resistance in Kameng. By November 18, the Chinese had penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur, Assam, a major frontier town nearly fifty kilometers from the Assam-North-East Frontier Agency border.
The Chinese did not advance farther and on November 21 declared a unilateral cease-fire. They had accomplished all of their territorial objectives, and any attempt to press farther into the plains of Assam would have stretched their logistical capabilities and their lines of communication to a breaking point. By the time the fighting stopped, each side had lost 500 troops.
After administering a blistering defeat in 1962, the Chinese forces withdrew 20 km behind the McMahon Line, which China called "the 1959 line of actual control" in the Eastern Sector, and 20 km behind the line of its latest position in Ladakh, which was further identified with the "1959 line of actual control" in the Western Sector.
Monday, 14 November 2011
ARYA KINGS
Arya Kings
In ancient Vedic times India was known as Aryavarta till 5,000 years ago. The Aryans were the sovereign rulers of India and the rest of the world. It is from this country that all philosophy, arts and sciences that are extant. Amidst sporadic alternations of retrogression and decadence of civilization it will again fan out to different parts of the world. The English derived the rudiments of their civilization from the Romans, they from the Greeks, and the Greeks from the Egyptians, and the Egyptians from Aryan civilization.
According to the scriptural description of the brahmand particularly the area of the continent that lies south of the Himalayas is called Aryavrata. It is also called Bharat Varsha named after the great King Bharat. The inhabitants of Aryavart are called the Aryans as referred to in the Rigveda. Thus, the words Bhartiya or Aryans were both used for the inhabitants of Bharatvarsh or Aryavart, however, the words Bhartiya and Bharatvarsh were more popular. Also in description we find that all world is mentioned as Bhartvarsh but that is only for the primal period. It was later God decided to seperate Land Mases and surround them with water. After the formation of and Mases surrounded by waters Aryavrata was formed. Then God created Himalyas to make sure that Non Aryas remain outside the boundry of Aryavrata. We now know that Sanskrit Shaloks written in Grand Canyon, USA were found a couple of years ago so its quite natural that this might have happend when whole landmass was surrounded by waters. Also some Sanskrit scriptures were found in Australia in year 1987. All this is written in Aryan scriptures. If some one wants to find the truth then he should have faith in Aryan (Sanatan) Scriptures and he will be guided to the ultimate truth.
The landmass that was given after the seperation of Gigantic Land Mass belongs to divine people Aryas is present between Himalayas and the ocean is known as . It has an expansion of 9,000 Yojans. It is populated by the descendants of Swaayambhuv Manu. It has seven native mountains- Mahendra, Malay, Sahaya, Shuktimaan, Riksha, Vindhya and Paariyaatra.
Aryavrata has nine divisions named Indradweep, Kaseru, Taamraparn, Gamastimaan, Naagdweep, Soumya, Gandharva, Vaarun and Yahadweep which is surrounded by the sea and has an expansion of 1000 Yojans. In the eastern part of Aryavrata, live Kiraat whereas in the western part live Yavans. In the mid part of Aryavarata, live population of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras who pass their lives engage in works ascribed to their respective class.
Rivers in Aryavarata- From the Himalayas rise Shatudri (Sutlej) and Chandrabhaaga rivers. From Paariyaatra Mountain rise Veda and Smriti rivers. Narmada and Surasa rivers rise from Vindyachal. Taapi, Payoshani and Nirvindhya rivers rise from Riksha Mountain. Godavari, Bheemrati and Krishnaveli rivers rise from Sahaya Mountains. Kritmaala and Tamraparni rivers rise from Malayaachal. Trisaama and Aryakulyaa rivers rise from Mahendragiri. Rishikulya and Kumaari rivers rise from Shuktimaan Mountain. All these rivers have scores of other branches and tributaries.
Four Yugas namely Satayug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug and Kaliyug descend on Aryavrata. In Aryavrata, sages observe penance to attain better life in another world, people organise Yagyas and offer donations to the Brahmins respectfully. In Jambudweep, Lord Vishnu is worshipped in Yagyas. Aryavarata is the land par excellence in Jambudweep for it is a land of action. Soul passes through millions of births, only then it finds a chance to take birth in Arya and Dasuyas dynasty when its pious deeds accumulate to a certain extent. Even the gods envy those people who take birth as Aryas the follower of Sanatan Dharma. People in Aryavrata act without a desire to get fruits from their action. They dedicate their whole action to "Supreme Being Narayan" and ultimately mingle with Him.
Aryavrata
Home Land of Aryas
In ancient Vedic times India was known as Aryavarta till 5,000 years ago. The Aryans were the sovereign rulers of India and the rest of the world. It is from this country that all philosophy, arts and sciences that are extant. Amidst sporadic alternations of retrogression and decadence of civilization it will again fan out to different parts of the world. The English derived the rudiments of their civilization from the Romans, they from the Greeks, and the Greeks from the Egyptians, and the Egyptians from Aryan civilization.
According to the scriptural description of the brahmand particularly the area of the continent that lies south of the Himalayas is called Aryavrata. It is also called Bharat Varsha named after the great King Bharat. The inhabitants of Aryavart are called the Aryans as referred to in the Rigveda. Thus, the words Bhartiya or Aryans were both used for the inhabitants of Bharatvarsh or Aryavart, however, the words Bhartiya and Bharatvarsh were more popular. Also in description we find that all world is mentioned as Bhartvarsh but that is only for the primal period. It was later God decided to seperate Land Mases and surround them with water. After the formation of and Mases surrounded by waters Aryavrata was formed. Then God created Himalyas to make sure that Non Aryas remain outside the boundry of Aryavrata. We now know that Sanskrit Shaloks written in Grand Canyon, USA were found a couple of years ago so its quite natural that this might have happend when whole landmass was surrounded by waters. Also some Sanskrit scriptures were found in Australia in year 1987. All this is written in Aryan scriptures. If some one wants to find the truth then he should have faith in Aryan (Sanatan) Scriptures and he will be guided to the ultimate truth.
The landmass that was given after the seperation of Gigantic Land Mass belongs to divine people Aryas is present between Himalayas and the ocean is known as . It has an expansion of 9,000 Yojans. It is populated by the descendants of Swaayambhuv Manu. It has seven native mountains- Mahendra, Malay, Sahaya, Shuktimaan, Riksha, Vindhya and Paariyaatra.
Aryavrata has nine divisions named Indradweep, Kaseru, Taamraparn, Gamastimaan, Naagdweep, Soumya, Gandharva, Vaarun and Yahadweep which is surrounded by the sea and has an expansion of 1000 Yojans. In the eastern part of Aryavrata, live Kiraat whereas in the western part live Yavans. In the mid part of Aryavarata, live population of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras who pass their lives engage in works ascribed to their respective class.
Rivers in Aryavarata- From the Himalayas rise Shatudri (Sutlej) and Chandrabhaaga rivers. From Paariyaatra Mountain rise Veda and Smriti rivers. Narmada and Surasa rivers rise from Vindyachal. Taapi, Payoshani and Nirvindhya rivers rise from Riksha Mountain. Godavari, Bheemrati and Krishnaveli rivers rise from Sahaya Mountains. Kritmaala and Tamraparni rivers rise from Malayaachal. Trisaama and Aryakulyaa rivers rise from Mahendragiri. Rishikulya and Kumaari rivers rise from Shuktimaan Mountain. All these rivers have scores of other branches and tributaries.
Four Yugas namely Satayug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug and Kaliyug descend on Aryavrata. In Aryavrata, sages observe penance to attain better life in another world, people organise Yagyas and offer donations to the Brahmins respectfully. In Jambudweep, Lord Vishnu is worshipped in Yagyas. Aryavarata is the land par excellence in Jambudweep for it is a land of action. Soul passes through millions of births, only then it finds a chance to take birth in Arya and Dasuyas dynasty when its pious deeds accumulate to a certain extent. Even the gods envy those people who take birth as Aryas the follower of Sanatan Dharma. People in Aryavrata act without a desire to get fruits from their action. They dedicate their whole action to "Supreme Being Narayan" and ultimately mingle with Him.
Aryavrata
Home Land of Aryas
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